전통문화

Taekwondo or Karatedo?

The National martial art of Korea, taekwondo. Koreans think this is their own traditional martial art with long history. But taekwondo was only the offspring of Karatedo.

Park Chung-Hee led a military coup in the early 1960s. He was a dictator who ruled Korea for 18 years with an iron fist. He is Known as a pro-Japan person in Japan. Though he assumed the full power of government, he knew he could not hold government in Korea under the “pro-Japan” policy. Then the appearance of his policy was anti-Japan, but the reality was pro-Japan. He sit on the fence.

After coming into power, he began a powerful anti-Japan campaign under the banner of “wiping out Japanese culture”. At this time, many words from Japan were replaced by strange words of unidentified nationality. Korean martial art worlds also could not avoid this influence.

After World War II, “Karatedo” was renamed as “taekwondo” in this process. Whatever the name this martial art has, taekwondo derived from Karatedo originally. The difference between the orthodox Karatedo(If I can call so) and taekwondo seem to be smaller than the differences between the orthodox Karatedo and Kyokushin-Karate. taekwondo looks like Karatedo. This is very obvious to anyone who knows a little about martial arts. Then there are many debates about this problem in Korea.

Koreans never try to compromise in national pride and anti-Japanese, but there are a few Koreans who have any conscience left. And that “Tekkyon” aspires to get the position of “national sport”. “Tekkyon” is a real traditional martial art.(Translator"s note; I don"t know what is “Tekkyon”. Another source says “Tekkyon” is a playgame which was seen at the suburbs of Seoul.) Tekkyon has been “deprived” of its name by taekwondo. There are many debates about the identity of taekwondo mainly through internet.

—snip(How proto-Karate had been transmitted from China to Okinawa(Ryukyu).)—

Karatedo developed in Okinawa, and Funagoshi Gichin began to popularize Karatedo at Japan proper in the 1920s.

Gichin changed the Chinese characters of “Karate”. These original characters mean “old China(Kara)” and “hand(Te)”. Gichin changed these to the characters mean “air” and “hand”. Modishly speaking, he created new excellent brand which appealed to Japanese sentiment for marketing.

The character “air” seem to come from Heart Sutra. “Do(road)” seem to come from “Judo”, “Aikido” or “Bushido”. The name of “Karatedo” sounds meaningful and philosophical. That is to say, “Karatedo” seems to mean the martial art which rubs up a way with bare hands. It is a good name. We can safely say it"s a successful brand.

Though Karatedo was born in this way, it was less represented in Judo"s shadow after World War II. But Ohyama Masutatsu succeed in its popularization. He is a Japanese from Korean Peninsula. He established Kyokushin-Karate which is now one of representative Karate schools along with taekwondo. Kyokushin-Karate have 10 million trainees in the world. The Korean name of Ohyama Masutatsu is Choi Yong Wi. From his childhood, he came to Japan across the sea, learned Karate and great master of the day. In Korea, he is known as “Choi Pedall” who never had a real existence. This name was given by Ko Uyong who is a Korean comic artist.

In 1975, Ko Uyong started a serial titled “Great Ambition” on “New Boy” which was a Korean comic magazine. The main character of his comic was Ohyama Masutatsu. I was an enthusiastic reader of his comic, and I remember many scenes even now.

For example, The scene which Choi, the boy threw himself off a cliff with despair when he could not win the fight against a master from Japan. The scene which he broke a bull"s horn with bare hands in the duel of it, after he became a master. I can remember these scenes after so many years. This comic have made me think that Choi was a master of taekwondo until recently . I think Ko Uyong struggled to hide that Ohyama masutatsu was a master of Karate, not taekwondo. He also struggled to hide that Ohyama Masutatsu naturalized in Japan. And it is natural the Korean readers including me were proud of him who defeated Japanese Karate by taekwondo.

Actually, the facts were often distorted also about Rikidohzan as well as Ohyama Masutatsu in Korea after War. Were the persons who naturalized in Japan supposed to be betrayers? I heard this still applies to Korean residents in Japan today.

By the way, when Japan ruled Korea, Karate spread in Korea, and there were many Karate Dojo(classrooms) which produced many powerful trainees. But in 1945, Japan was defeated and all Japanese turned away. Then Karate Dojo were handed down from Japanese to Korean trainees. At this time, there were six major Dojo in Korea Karatedo world - Yonmugan(director; Yun Pyonin), Sonmugan(director; Noh Byonjiku), Mudokkan(director; Fan Gi), Chondogan(director; Lee Wonguku), Chanmugan(director; Lee Namusoku), Chidogan(director; LeeJunnu). These six directors established Korean Konsudo(Korean pronunciation of Katatedo) Association at Pusan, temporary capital, in 1950, during Korean War. This Korean Konsudo Association became Korean Taekwondo Federation in 1965 after many twists and turns. Why did Karatedo became taekwondo?

How absurd! - Why did they decide the name of “Taekwondo”?

It is Choi Hong Hi who named ” taekwondo”. Choi was a general and a master of Karatedo. Lee Seungman, the first president of Korea was campaigning for an independent Korea for long years, and had a very strong anti-Japan sentiment. Then he hated the name of “Katratedo”.

At this period, Choi was running the Karatedo Dojo, Odogan, and he trained his men and showed Lee Seungman their demonstration of Karatedo. Lee Seungman said with a satisfied look “Oh, this is Tekkyon, isn"t it?”. Choi has taken a hint from this misunderstanding, and he named Karatedo “taekwondo” surprisingly. In 1959, he established Korea Taekwondo Federation under the auspices of Lee Seungman and became the first president.

Briefly speaking, anti-Japanese characteristics of Korean politicians including Lee Seungman bore a martial art of unidentified nationality which is Karatedo of Japan and have the name of tekkyon.

Then, what is tekkyon?

—snip(The author explains tekkyon as the Korean traditional martial art. But some people say it is a playgame as I said before.)—

Korea Taekwondo Federation took a weaving course.

Choi seemed to manage smoothly Korea Taekwondo Federation which established by him in 1959. But the directors of 6 major Dojo strongly opposed to the name of taekwondo. In 1960, the student-led April 19 Movement forced Lee Seungman resign. The next year Park Chung-hee led a military coup, and came into power. At this time, Choi was an Army Major General. but he was on bad terms with Park. When the directors of 6 major Dojo Knew this fact, they tried to purge Choi to restore the name of “Konsdo(translator"s note; This is Korean pronunciation of Karatedo.) Association” .

After Choi went to Malaysia as the ambassador in 1961, the directors changed their federation"s name from “Korea Taekwondo Federation” to “Korea Tesdo Federation”. “Tesdo” consists of each one letter from Taekwondo and Konsdo(Karatedo). This was a happy medium, I think. But after Choi came home, he changed its name to “Taekwondo” again in 1965. The next year he established “International Taekwondo Federation” with representatives from 9 countries. His strong-arm organizational operation made the six directors very angry again. At last, he was purged of Korea Taekwondo Federation in 1966. But the six directors failed to change name from “taekwondo”. When Kim Un Yong became the president in 1971, the name of “taekwondo” became to gain support from a majority, and it was difficult to change this name.

Fan Gi established World Karatedo Federation abroad because he was angry with this absurd name. After being purged, Choi exiled himself with his ITF to Canada, and spread taekwondo as a president of ITF. As above, Karatedo spread from Japan to Korea in 1920s. Now Korean Karatedo world was torn by WTF(World Taekwondo Federation), ITF(International Taekwondo Federation), World Karatedo Federation and the rest. Each group spread and developed with a different name. But it is no doubt that all groups are the groups of Karatedo.

—snip(The author emphasized the necessity for integration taekwondo into Karatedo.)*—

Taekwondo itself also needs for being integrated into Karatedo. Taekwondo of today is a game of kicking. Arms and legs are not used in a balanced manner. This perception seems to be shared with anyone who watch a game of taekwondo. If a player become an expert, he use his legs more than 90%. Then martial artists say taekwondo will be defeated by Kyokushin-Karatedo because players use their hands and legs in a balanced manner in Kyokushin-Karatedo. Briefly speaking, taekwondo of today becomes to look like kickboxing, and has become less popular rapidly. When taekwondo will change its name to Karatedo again, and recover its original legitimacy, taekwondo may destigmatize its “kicking game”.

All of the causes are that Kim Un Yong spread taekwondo as a sport. Kim Un Yong has been a member of parliament in Korea, and has exercised significant influence in the international sporting world. But he is a very corrupt person, who is blamed for the various scandals including the affair of Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and a domestic corruption suspicion.

————- unquote—————

—-인용 개시—-

태권도, 카라테?

 한국의 국기, 태권도.한국인은 이것을 긴 역사를 가지는, 민족 고유의 전통 무술이라고 생각하고 있다. 실은 태권도는, 카라테의 이름을 바꾸었을 뿐의 것이다. 

 1960 연대 초, 쿠데타에 의해 정권을 장악 해, 18년간 한국을 철권 통치해 온 독재자, 박정희는, 일본에서는 친일파로서 알려져 있다.그는 절대권력을 장악 하고 있었음에도 불구하고, 친일 노선에서는 한국에서 정권을 유지할 수 없는 것을 잘 알고 있었다. 그 때문에, 박정희는 본심은 친일, 타테마에는 반일이라고 하는, 확실치 않은 태도를 취하지 않을 수 없었던 것이다.

 그는 집권 후, 일본풍 문화 청산이라고 하는 기치의 아래, 대대적인 반일 캠페인을 전개했다.이 때 많은 일본 용어가, 국적 불명의 이상한 용어로 바뀌었다.무술계도 이 바람은 피할 수 없었다.

 종전 후, 이 과정에서 카라테나 당수도로 불리고 있던 무술에, 태권도라는 이름을 붙여 버렸던 것이다. 이름은 어떻게든, 태권도도 원래, 카라테를 계승한 것이어, 정통 카라테(그러한 것이 있다면)와 태권도의 차이는 아마, 정통 카라테와 쿄쿠신 카라테의 차이보다 작다고 생각된다.태권도가 카라테를 닮은 무술인 것은, 무예를 갉아 먹은 사람이라면 간단하게 납득이 가기 위해, 최근, 한국에서도 이전 제목으로 논쟁이 잘 일어난다.

 민족 자존과 반일에 관한한, 타협을 모르는 한국인이지만, 양심이 남아 있는 사람도 때때로 있다.게다가, 태권도에 이름을 빼앗긴 진정한 전통 무술 「텍콜」이 「국기」의 지위를 노리고 있다. 태권도의 정체를 둘러싼 이러한 논쟁은, 주로 인터넷을 통해서 활발하게 전개되고 있다.

—(중략, 가라테가 중국에서 오키나와에 전해진 경위)—

 오키나와에서 발전한 당수도는, 1920년대에 후나코시의진(응)이라고 하는 인물에 의해서 일본 본토에 보급 되기 시작했다.

 그리고 후나코시는, 당수의 이름을 카라테라는 이름에 바꾸었다.유행으로 말하면, 마케팅을 위해서 일본인의 정서에 호소하는 능숙한 브랜드명을 창안 했던 것이다.

 가라테의 「하늘」은 아마 반야 심경의 핵심 사상인 「색즉시공 공즉시색」으로부터 취했을 것이다.「손」은 「당수」로부터, 그리고 「길」은 유도나 합기도, 무사도로 이용하는 「길」을 채용했다고 생각되지만, 전체적으로 매우 의미 심장하고 철학적인 느낌을 주는 이름이 되었다. 즉, 맨손으로 길을 닦는 무술이라고 하는 느낌을 주는, 좋은 이름이다.성공한 「브랜드명」이라고 할 수 있자.

 이렇게 해 탄생한 카라테는, 전후도 유도의 그림자에 숨어 눈에 띄지 않았지만, 조선 출신의 일본인, 오오야마배들이 현상 대중화에 성공했다.현재, 쿄쿠신 카라테는 태권도와 함께 가장 대표적인 카라테 유파의 하나이며, 전세계에 약천만인의 수련생이 있다.오오야마배들의 한국명은 최영의(체욘위)이다.어렸을 적에, 일본에 건너고 가라테를 배워, 스스로 당대의 달인이 되었다.한국에서는 「최배들(페달)」로 알려져 있지만, 이러한 사람은 존재하지 않는다.타카하네 사카에(코우욘)라고 하는 한국의 만화가가 붙인 이름인 것이다.

 타카하네 사카에는 일구75년, 「새로운 소년」이라고 하는 한국의 만화잡지에, 오오야마배들을 주인공으로 한 「오노 노조무」라고 하는 만화를 연재하기 시작했다.나도 그 당시 「오노 노조무」의 열렬한 애독자였기 때문에, 지금도 많은 장면을 기억하고 있다.

 예를 들면, 소년·최영의가 일본에서 온 달인과 대전해 이길 수 없으면 절벽으로부터 몸을 던지는 장면이나, 달인이 되고 나서 미국에 가, 투우와 맨손으로 대결해 그 아집을 버려 버리는 장면 등은, 긴 세월이 지난 지금도 기억에 생생하다. 그 만화를 읽은 탓으로, 최근까지 나는 최영의를 태권도의 달인이라고 생각했다.타카하네 사카에는 자신의 만화 중(안)에서, 오오야마배들의 무술이 가라테인 것을 필사적으로 숨기려고 했을 것이다.일본인에 귀화했다고 하는 사실도 필사적으로 숨겼기 때문에, 나를 시작으로 하는 한국의 독자는 자연스럽게, 그가 태권도로 가라테를 깬 자랑의 한국인이라고 생각하게 되었던 것이다.

 사실, 오오야마배들 뿐만이 아니라 역도산에 관해서도, 전후의 한국에서는 닮은 왜곡이 잘 행해졌다.일본인이 되어 버린 한국인은 배반해 사람이라고 생각되었기 때문일까. 오늘의 재일 한국인 사회에서도, 그것과 닮은 것 같은 인식이 현저하게 남아 있다고 한다.

 그런데, 조선 총독부 시대에는 한국에서도 카라테가 활발하게 보급해 많은 도장이 생겨 실력이 있는 제자를 배출하게 되었다.그러나, 1945년이 되어 일본이 패전해, 모든 일본인이 본국에 쫓아 돌려 보내져 버리면, 카라테장은 자연스럽게 한국인의 제자들에게 계승되었다. 이 당시 , 한국의 카라테계에는 여섯 개의 큰 도장이 있었다.윤폴인의 연무관(용그), 노볼지크의 마츠타케관(송그), 황기(판기)의 무덕타테(무족크), 이 모토쿠니(이워그크)의 청도관(톨드그), 이남석(이남소크)의 장무관(체무그), 리종우(이즐우)의 지도관(치드그)이다.이 육대 도장의 관장들은, 1950년의 한국 전쟁의 와중에, 임시 수도인 부산에서 대한 카라테 협회(테한콘스드홋)를 발족시키게 된다.이 대한 카라테 협회가 다양한 우여곡절을 거친 끝에, 1965년이 되어 대한 태권도 협회로 변신한다. 왜 카라테가 태권도로 바뀐 것일까.

태권도 명명이 질린 경위

 카라테 또는 당수도로 불리고 있던 이 무예에 태권도라는 이름을 붙인 사람은, 당시 , 군인이며 카라테의 달인인 장군·체혼히이다.한국의 초대 대통령이었던 이승만(이슨만)은, 오랫동안, 독립 운동을 하고 있던 매우 반일적인 사람이었다.그 때문에, 카라테라는 이름을 매우 싫어 했다.

 당시 , 당수도·오도관(오드그)이라고 하는 도장을 운영하고 있던 체혼히는, 1954년에 자신의 부하인 장병들에게 카라테를 훈련시켜, 이승만에 보였다.이것을 본 이승만은 「, 이것이 텍콜인가」라고 만족한 것 같았다라고 한다.이승만이 카라테를 텍콜이라고 오해하면, 체혼히는 이것에 힌트를 얻고, 카라테에 태권도라는 이름을 붙여 버렸다.그는 이승만의 후원으로 1959년에 대한 태권도 협회를 창설해, 그 회장으로 취임했다.

 즉, 이승만을 시작으로 하는 한국의 정치가들의 반일 성향을 위해서, 일본의 무술·카라테에 한국의 전통 무술·텍콜의 이름을 붙인, 국적 불명의 무술이 탄생했던 것이다.

 그럼, 텍콜이란 무엇인가.

—(중략, 텍콜을 한국의 전통 무술로서 해설.단지, 앞에서 본 같게 이설도 있다.)—

태권도 협회의 미주

 1959년에 체혼히가 만든 태권도 협회는 순조롭게 가는 것 같이 생각되었지만, 육대 도장의 관장들은 카라테, 당수도를 태권도라고 칭하는 것에 강하게 반대했다. 1960년에 이승만이 학생 혁명으로 내쫓아져 다음 해, 박정희가 쿠데타를 일으켜, 정권을 장악 하게 되었다. 당시 , 체혼히는 육군 소장이었지만, 박정희와는 사이가 좋지 않았다.이러한 사실을 안 육대 도장의 관장들은, 체혼히를 내쫓아 카라테 협회라는 이름을 부활 시키려고 했던 것이다.

 1961년에 체혼히가 말레이지아 대사가 되어 한국을 떠나게 되면, 이 좋아하게 육대 도장의 관장들은 대한 태권도 협회를 대한 테스드 협회로 개칭한다. 태권도와 카라테로부터 한 자씩 취한 절충안이었다고 생각된다.그러나, 체혼히는 귀국하면, 1965년, 이름을 다시 대한 태권도 협회로 개칭해, 다음 해에는 9개국 대표가 참가하는 가운데, 국제 태권도 연맹(ITF)을 창설한다. 이러한 무리한 조직 운영에 대해서, 육대 관장들은 다시 강력하게 반발해, 체혼히는 1966년에 대한 태권도 협회로부터 내쫓아져 버렸다.그러나, 태권도의 이름을 족대수도나 당수도로 변경하는데는 실패했다.일구71년에 금운용이 협회 회장으로 취임하면, 태권도라는 이름은 돌이킬 수 없는 여럿에게 굳어져 버렸다.

 이후, 이 질린 명칭에 반발한 당수도 무덕관의 황기(판기)는 해외에 진출해, 세계 당수도 협회를 결성했다. 한국에서 내쫓아진 체혼히는 일구칠0년, 자신의 ITF를 인솔해 캐나다에 망명해, 국제 태권도 연맹의 총재로서 태권도를 보급하게 된다. 이와 같이, 1920년대에 일본을 통해서 전파 된 한국 당수도는, 현재, 세계 태권도 협회 WTF, 국제 태권도 연맹 ITF, 세계 당수도 협회 등에 분열하고, 각각 다른 이름으로 보급 발전했기 때문에 있다.이것들이 모두 당수도인 것은 의심하는 여지는 없다.

—(중략, 태권도를 가라테에 통합하는 필요성을 말한다)—

 태권도가 가라테에 통합되는 필요성은, 태권도 내부에서도 발생하고 있다.현재, 태권도는, 그 경기를 봐 람 하는 사람은 누구라도 느끼겠지만, 손과 다리를 균형있게 사용하는 무예라고 하는 것보다는, 마치 발길질 시합과 같이 변질해 버렸다.달인의 경기가 되면 과연, 다리를 사용하는 빈도가 90퍼센트를 넘는다.그 때문에 무도가들은, 실전에서는 손과 다리를 균형있게 사용하는 쿄쿠신 카라테와 싸우면 상대가 되지 않을 것이라고 말한다. 즉, 오늘의 태권도는 킥복싱과 닮은 것에 변질해, 자꾸자꾸 인기가 떨어져 내리고 있는 것이다.태권도가 다시 가라테에 이름을 바꾸어 그 원래의 정통성을 회복할 수 있으면, 발길질 시합이라고 하는 오명을 반납할 수 있을지도 모른다.

 이 모든 원인은, 카라테에는 문외한인 금운용이 태권도를 스포츠로서 보급시켰던 것에 있다.금운용은 한국의 국회 의원을 맡아 IOC 부회장으로서 국제 스포츠계에서 막대한 영향력을 털어 왔지만, 솔트레이크 동계 올림픽등의 스캔들이나 국내에서의 오직 의혹등에서 비난 당하고 있다, 매우 부패한 인물이다.

—-인용 종료—-

Previously, the author had strong anti-Japanese feelings as many Korean people. After he was successful as a writer, he often went abroad, and then he had exchange with real Japanese. This made him have strong doubt about his education, he confessed.


 금완섭씨는 많은 한국인과 같이, 원래 강한 반일 감정의 소유자였지만, 작가로서 성공한 것으로, 해외에 가끔 여행에 나가게 되었습니다. 거기서 실제의 일본인과 교류를 가지는 것으로 받은 교육에 강한 의문을 가지게 되었다고 고백하고 있습니다.



re:re:韓国の伝統武術 [金完燮

Taekwondo or Karatedo?

The National martial art of Korea, taekwondo. Koreans think this is their own traditional martial art with long history. But taekwondo was only the offspring of Karatedo.

Park Chung-Hee led a military coup in the early 1960s. He was a dictator who ruled Korea for 18 years with an iron fist. He is Known as a pro-Japan person in Japan. Though he assumed the full power of government, he knew he could not hold government in Korea under the "pro-Japan" policy. Then the appearance of his policy was anti-Japan, but the reality was pro-Japan. He sit on the fence.

After coming into power, he began a powerful anti-Japan campaign under the banner of "wiping out Japanese culture". At this time, many words from Japan were replaced by strange words of unidentified nationality. Korean martial art worlds also could not avoid this influence.

After World War II, "Karatedo" was renamed as "taekwondo" in this process. Whatever the name this martial art has, taekwondo derived from Karatedo originally. The difference between the orthodox Karatedo(If I can call so) and taekwondo seem to be smaller than the differences between the orthodox Karatedo and Kyokushin-Karate. taekwondo looks like Karatedo. This is very obvious to anyone who knows a little about martial arts. Then there are many debates about this problem in Korea.

Koreans never try to compromise in national pride and anti-Japanese, but there are a few Koreans who have any conscience left. And that "Tekkyon" aspires to get the position of "national sport". "Tekkyon" is a real traditional martial art.(Translator"s note; I don"t know what is "Tekkyon". Another source says "Tekkyon" is a playgame which was seen at the suburbs of Seoul.) Tekkyon has been "deprived" of its name by taekwondo. There are many debates about the identity of taekwondo mainly through internet.

--snip(How proto-Karate had been transmitted from China to Okinawa(Ryukyu).)--

Karatedo developed in Okinawa, and Funagoshi Gichin began to popularize Karatedo at Japan proper in the 1920s.

Gichin changed the Chinese characters of "Karate". These original characters mean "old China(Kara)" and "hand(Te)". Gichin changed these to the characters mean "air" and "hand". Modishly speaking, he created new excellent brand which appealed to Japanese sentiment for marketing.

The character "air" seem to come from Heart Sutra. "Do(road)" seem to come from "Judo", "Aikido" or "Bushido". The name of "Karatedo" sounds meaningful and philosophical. That is to say, "Karatedo" seems to mean the martial art which rubs up a way with bare hands. It is a good name. We can safely say it"s a successful brand.

Though Karatedo was born in this way, it was less represented in Judo"s shadow after World War II. But Ohyama Masutatsu succeed in its popularization. He is a Japanese from Korean Peninsula. He established Kyokushin-Karate which is now one of representative Karate schools along with taekwondo. Kyokushin-Karate have 10 million trainees in the world. The Korean name of Ohyama Masutatsu is Choi Yong Wi. From his childhood, he came to Japan across the sea, learned Karate and great master of the day. In Korea, he is known as "Choi Pedall" who never had a real existence. This name was given by Ko Uyong who is a Korean comic artist.

In 1975, Ko Uyong started a serial titled "Great Ambition" on "New Boy" which was a Korean comic magazine. The main character of his comic was Ohyama Masutatsu. I was an enthusiastic reader of his comic, and I remember many scenes even now.

For example, The scene which Choi, the boy threw himself off a cliff with despair when he could not win the fight against a master from Japan. The scene which he broke a bull"s horn with bare hands in the duel of it, after he became a master. I can remember these scenes after so many years. This comic have made me think that Choi was a master of taekwondo until recently . I think Ko Uyong struggled to hide that Ohyama masutatsu was a master of Karate, not taekwondo. He also struggled to hide that Ohyama Masutatsu naturalized in Japan. And it is natural the Korean readers including me were proud of him who defeated Japanese Karate by taekwondo.

Actually, the facts were often distorted also about Rikidohzan as well as Ohyama Masutatsu in Korea after War. Were the persons who naturalized in Japan supposed to be betrayers? I heard this still applies to Korean residents in Japan today.

By the way, when Japan ruled Korea, Karate spread in Korea, and there were many Karate Dojo(classrooms) which produced many powerful trainees. But in 1945, Japan was defeated and all Japanese turned away. Then Karate Dojo were handed down from Japanese to Korean trainees. At this time, there were six major Dojo in Korea Karatedo world - Yonmugan(director; Yun Pyonin), Sonmugan(director; Noh Byonjiku), Mudokkan(director; Fan Gi), Chondogan(director; Lee Wonguku), Chanmugan(director; Lee Namusoku), Chidogan(director; LeeJunnu). These six directors established Korean Konsudo(Korean pronunciation of Katatedo) Association at Pusan, temporary capital, in 1950, during Korean War. This Korean Konsudo Association became Korean Taekwondo Federation in 1965 after many twists and turns. Why did Karatedo became taekwondo?

How absurd! - Why did they decide the name of "Taekwondo"?

It is Choi Hong Hi who named " taekwondo". Choi was a general and a master of Karatedo. Lee Seungman, the first president of Korea was campaigning for an independent Korea for long years, and had a very strong anti-Japan sentiment. Then he hated the name of "Katratedo".

At this period, Choi was running the Karatedo Dojo, Odogan, and he trained his men and showed Lee Seungman their demonstration of Karatedo. Lee Seungman said with a satisfied look "Oh, this is Tekkyon, isn"t it?". Choi has taken a hint from this misunderstanding, and he named Karatedo "taekwondo" surprisingly. In 1959, he established Korea Taekwondo Federation under the auspices of Lee Seungman and became the first president.

Briefly speaking, anti-Japanese characteristics of Korean politicians including Lee Seungman bore a martial art of unidentified nationality which is Karatedo of Japan and have the name of tekkyon.

Then, what is tekkyon?

--snip(The author explains tekkyon as the Korean traditional martial art. But some people say it is a playgame as I said before.)--

Korea Taekwondo Federation took a weaving course.

Choi seemed to manage smoothly Korea Taekwondo Federation which established by him in 1959. But the directors of 6 major Dojo strongly opposed to the name of taekwondo. In 1960, the student-led April 19 Movement forced Lee Seungman resign. The next year Park Chung-hee led a military coup, and came into power. At this time, Choi was an Army Major General. but he was on bad terms with Park. When the directors of 6 major Dojo Knew this fact, they tried to purge Choi to restore the name of "Konsdo(translator"s note; This is Korean pronunciation of Karatedo.) Association" .

After Choi went to Malaysia as the ambassador in 1961, the directors changed their federation"s name from "Korea Taekwondo Federation" to "Korea Tesdo Federation". "Tesdo" consists of each one letter from Taekwondo and Konsdo(Karatedo). This was a happy medium, I think. But after Choi came home, he changed its name to "Taekwondo" again in 1965. The next year he established "International Taekwondo Federation" with representatives from 9 countries. His strong-arm organizational operation made the six directors very angry again. At last, he was purged of Korea Taekwondo Federation in 1966. But the six directors failed to change name from "taekwondo". When Kim Un Yong became the president in 1971, the name of "taekwondo" became to gain support from a majority, and it was difficult to change this name.

Fan Gi established World Karatedo Federation abroad because he was angry with this absurd name. After being purged, Choi exiled himself with his ITF to Canada, and spread taekwondo as a president of ITF. As above, Karatedo spread from Japan to Korea in 1920s. Now Korean Karatedo world was torn by WTF(World Taekwondo Federation), ITF(International Taekwondo Federation), World Karatedo Federation and the rest. Each group spread and developed with a different name. But it is no doubt that all groups are the groups of Karatedo.

--snip(The author emphasized the necessity for integration taekwondo into Karatedo.)* --

Taekwondo itself also needs for being integrated into Karatedo. Taekwondo of today is a game of kicking. Arms and legs are not used in a balanced manner. This perception seems to be shared with anyone who watch a game of taekwondo. If a player become an expert, he use his legs more than 90%. Then martial artists say taekwondo will be defeated by Kyokushin-Karatedo because players use their hands and legs in a balanced manner in Kyokushin-Karatedo. Briefly speaking, taekwondo of today becomes to look like kickboxing, and has become less popular rapidly. When taekwondo will change its name to Karatedo again, and recover its original legitimacy, taekwondo may destigmatize its "kicking game".

All of the causes are that Kim Un Yong spread taekwondo as a sport. Kim Un Yong has been a member of parliament in Korea, and has exercised significant influence in the international sporting world. But he is a very corrupt person, who is blamed for the various scandals including the affair of Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and a domestic corruption suspicion.

--------- unquote ----------

---引用開始---
テコンドー、空手道?

 韓国の国技、テコンドー。韓国人はこれを長い歴史をもつ、民族固有の伝統武術だと考えている。 実はテコンドーは、空手道の名前を変えただけのものである。 

 一九六〇年代初め、クーデターにより政権を掌握し、十八年間韓国を鉄拳統治してきた独裁者、朴正煕は、日本では親日派として知られている。彼は絶対権力を掌握していたにもかかわらず、親日路線では韓国で政権を維持することはできないことをよく知っていた。 そのため、朴正煕はホンネは親日、タテマエは反日という、はっきりしない態度をとらざるをえなかったのである。

 彼は執権後、日本風文化清算という旗印のもと、大々的な反日キャンペーンを展開した。このとき多くの日本用語が、 国籍不明の変な用語に変わった。武術界もこの風は避けられなかった。

 終戦後、この過程で空手道や唐手道と呼ばれていた武術に、テコンドーという名前をつけてしまったのである。 名前はどうであれ、テコンドーも元来、空手道を継承したものであり、正統空手道(そういうものがあるならば)とテコンドーの差はたぶん、 正統空手道と極真空手道の差よりも小さいと思われる。テコンドーが空手道に似た武術であることは、武芸をかじった人なら簡単に納得がいくため、最近、韓国でもこの間題で論争がよく起こる。

 民族自尊と反日に関する限り、妥協を知らない韓国人だが、良心が残っている人も時折いる。そのうえ、 テコンドーに名前を奪われた真の伝統武術「テッキョン」が「国技」の地位を狙っているのだ。 テコンドーの正体をめぐるこのような論争は、主にインターネットを通じて活発に展開されている。

--(中略、空手が中国から沖縄へ伝えられた経緯)--

 沖縄で発展した唐手道は、一九二〇年代に船越義珍(ぎちん)という人物によって日本本土に普及されはじめた。

 そして船越は、唐手の名を空手道という名前に変えた。今風に言えば、マーケティングのために日本人の情緒に訴えるうまいブランド名を創案したのである。

 空手の「空」はたぶん般若心経の中核思想である「色即是空 空即是色」からとったのだろう。「手」は「唐手」から、 そして「道」は柔道や合気道、武士道で用いる「道」を採用したと思われるが、全体的に非常に意味深長で哲学的な感じを与える名前になった。 つまり、素手で道を磨く武術という感じを与える、よい名前である。成功した「ブランド名」といえよう。

 こうして誕生した空手道は、戦後も柔道の影に隠れて目立たなかったが、朝鮮出 身の日本人、大山倍達が現れ大衆化に成功した。現在、極真空手道はテコンドーとと もに最も代表的な空手道流派の一つであり、全世界に約一千万人の修練生がい る。大山倍達の韓国名は崔永宜(チェヨンウィ)である。子供のころ、日本に渡って 空手を習い、自ら当代の達人となった。韓国では「崔倍達(ペダル)」で知られてい るが、このような人は存在しない。高羽栄(コウヨン)という韓国の漫画家がつけた 名前なのである。

 高羽栄は一九七五年、『新しい少年』という韓国の漫画誌に、大山倍達を主人公に した「大野望」という漫画を連載しはじめた。 私もそのころ「大野望」の熱烈な愛読者であったため、今でもたくさんのシーンを覚えている。

 例えば、少年・崔永宜が日本から来た達人と対戦して勝てないと、絶壁から体を投じるシーンや、達人になってから米国に行き、 闘牛と素手で対決してその角を折ってしまうシーンなどは、長い年月が経った今でも記憶に生々しい。 その漫画を読んだせいで、最近まで私は崔永宜をテコンドーの達人だと思っていた。高羽栄は自分の漫画の中で、 大山倍達の武術が空手であることを必死で隠そうとしたのだろう。日本人に帰化したという事実も必死で隠したため、私を始めとする韓国の読者は自然に、 彼がテコンドーで空手を打ち破った自慢の韓国人だと思うようになったのである。

 事実、大山倍達だけでなく力道山に関しても、戦後の韓国では似た歪曲がよく行われた。日本人になってしまった朝鮮人は裏切り者だと考えられたからだろうか。 今日の在日朝鮮人社会でも、それと似たような認識が色濃く残っているという。

 ところで、朝鮮総督府時代には韓国でも空手道が活発に普及して多くの道場ができ、実力のある弟子を輩出するようになった。 しかし、一九四五年になって日本が敗戦し、すべての日本人が本国に追い帰されてしまうと、空手道場は自然に韓国人の弟子たちに継承された。 この当時、韓国の空手道界には六つの大きな道場があった。ユンピョンインの演武館(ヨンムグァン)、ノビョンジクの松武館(ソンムグァン)、 黄埼(ファンギ)の武徳館(ムドックァン)、李元国(イウォングク)の青涛館(チョンドグァン)、李南石(イナムソク)の章武館(チャンムグァン)、 李鍾佑(イジュンウ)の智道館(チドグァン)である。この六大道場の館長たちは、一九五〇年の朝鮮戦争の渦中に、臨時首都である釜山で 大韓空手道協会(テハンコンスドヒョップェ)を発足させることになる。この大韓空手道協会がさまざまな紆余曲折を経た末、十九六五年になって大韓テコ ンド協会に変身する。 なぜ空手道がテコンドーに変わったのだろうか。

テコンドー命名のあきれた経緯

 空手道または唐手道と呼ばれていたこの武芸にテコンドーという名前をつけた人は、当時、軍人であり空手道の達人であった将軍・チェホンヒである。 韓国の初代大統領だった李承晩(イスンマン)は、長い間、独立運動をしていた非常に反日的な人であった。そのため、空手道という名前を非常に嫌った。

 当時、唐手道・吾道館(オドグァン)という道場を運営していたチェホンヒは、一九五四年に自分の部下である将兵たちに空手道を訓練させ、李承晩に見せた。これを見た李承晩は「おお、これがテッキョンか」と満足そうだったという。李承晩が空手道をテッキョンであると誤解すると、チェホンヒはこれにヒントを得て、空手道にテコンドーという名前をつけてしまった。彼は李承晩の後援で一九五九年に大韓テコンドー協会を創設し、その会長に就任した。

 つまり、李承晩を始めとする韓国の政治家たちの反日性向のために、日本の武術・空手道に韓国の伝統武術・テッキョンの名前をつけた、国籍不明の武術が誕生したのである。

 では、テッキョンとはなにか。

--(中略、テッキョンを韓国の伝統武術として解説。ただ、前記のように異説もある。)--

テコンドー協会の迷走

 十九五九年にチェホンヒが作ったテコンドー協会は順調にいくかのように思えたが、六大道場の館長たちは空手道、唐手道をテコンドーと称することに 強く反対した。 一九六〇年に李承晩が学生革命で追い出され、翌年、朴正煕がクーデターを起こし、政権を掌握することになった。 当時、チェホンヒは陸軍少将であったが、朴正煕とは仲がよくなかった。このような事実を知った六大道場の館長たちは、 チェホンヒを追い出して空手道協会という名前を復活させようとしたのである。

 十九六一年にチェホンヒがマレーシア大使となり韓国を離れることになると、このすきに六大道場の館長たちは大韓テコンドー協会を大韓テスド協会に改称する。 テコンドーと空手道から一字ずつとった折衷案であったと考えられる。しかし、チェホンヒは帰国すると、一九六五年、名前を再び大韓テコンドー協会に改称し、 翌年には九ケ国代表が参加するなか、国際テコンドー連盟(ITF)を創設する。 このような無理な組織運営に対して、六大館長たちは再び強力に反発し、チェホンヒは一九六六年に大韓テコンドー協会から追い出されてしまった。 しかし、テコンドーの名前を足台手道や唐手道に変更するのには失敗した。一九七一年に金雲龍が協会会長に就任すると、 テコンドーという名前は取り返しのつかない大勢に固まってしまった。

 以後、このあきれた名称に反発した唐手道武徳館の黄埼(ファンギ)は海外に進出し、世界唐手道協会を結成した。 韓国から追い出されたチェホンヒは一九七〇年、自分のITFを率いてカナダに亡命し、国際テコンドー連盟の総裁としてテコンドーを普及することになる。 このように、一九二〇年代に日本を通じて伝播された韓国唐手道は、現在、世界テコンドー協会WTF、国際テコンドー連盟ITF、世界唐手道協会などに分裂して、 それぞれ違う名前で普及発展してきたのである。これらがすべて唐手道であることは疑う余地はない。

--(中略、テコンドーを空手へ統合する必要性を説く)--

 テコンドーが空手に統合される必要性は、テコンドー内部でも発生している。現在、テコンドーは、その競技を観覧する人は誰でも感じるだろうが、 手と足をバランスよく使う武芸というよりは、まるで足蹴り試合のように変質してしまった。達人の競技になればなるほど、足を使う頻度が九〇パーセントを 超える。そのため武道家たちは、実戦では手と足をバランスよく使う極真空手道と戦ったら相手にならないだろうという。 つまり、今日のテコンドーはキックボクシングと似たものに変質し、どんどん人気が落ちてきているのである。テコンドーが再び空手に名前を変え、 その元来の正統性を回復できれば、足蹴り試合という汚名を返上できるかもしれない。

 このすべての原因は、空手道には門外漢である金雲龍がテコンドーをスポーツとして普及させたことにある。金雲龍は韓国の国会議員を務め、 IOC副会長として国際スポーツ界で莫大な影響力を振るってきたが、ソルトレーク冬季オリンピックなどのスキャンダルや国内での汚職疑惑などで非難されている、非常に腐敗した人物である。

---引用終了---

Previously, the author had strong anti-Japanese feelings as many Korean people. After he was successful as a writer, he often went abroad, and then he had exchange with real Japanese. This made him have strong doubt about his education, he confessed.


 金完燮氏は多くの韓国人と同様、もともと強い反日感情の持ち主でしたが、作家として成功したことで、 海外へたびたび 旅行へ出かけるようになりました。 そこで実際の日本人と交流を持つことで受けた教育に強い疑問を持つようになったと告白しています。




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